The ingredients. The thinking. The science.

ion's Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) is an edible fungus known for its unusual appearance, resembling a flowing white mane. It has a history of culinary use in East Asia and has become a popular ingredient in modern functional mushroom supplements and nootropic blends.

Lion's Mane contains naturally occurring compounds, including hericenones and erinacines, which have attracted scientific research interest. Research into these compounds and Lion's Mane preparations is ongoing, with important differences between mushroom fruiting bodies, mycelium and extracts.

Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) is a woody, shelf-like fungus traditionally used in East Asian herbal preparations. Sometimes called Lingzhi, Reishi is recognised for its glossy reddish-brown surface and naturally occurring compounds.

Modern Reishi mushroom extracts are used in functional mushroom powders, food supplements and mushroom coffee formulations. Reishi contains polysaccharides and triterpenoids, which are among the compounds investigated in scientific research.

on hold claims:

• Helps to decrease the cholesterol level (4406)
• May help to support the immune system (4412)

Cordyceps is a group of fungi with a history of use in traditional Asian preparations. Cordyceps militaris is one of the species commonly cultivated for modern functional mushroom products.

Recognised for its striking orange appearance, Cordyceps contains naturally occurring compounds including cordycepin and polysaccharides. Different Cordyceps species and extracts have different compositions, making ingredient identification an important part of understanding the research.

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) is a fungus commonly associated with birch trees in colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its dark exterior and orange-brown interior give it a distinctive appearance.

Chaga has traditionally been prepared as a tea or infusion and is now used in mushroom powders, functional drinks and food supplements. Researchers have investigated its polysaccharides, pigments and other naturally occurring compounds, although findings depend on the preparation and study methods.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a small shrub native to parts of Asia and Africa. Its roots have been used for centuries in traditional Ayurvedic practices.

Today, Ashwagandha root extract is a familiar ingredient in botanical supplements and functional drink formulations. It contains naturally occurring compounds called withanolides, which are studied in relation to the plant's chemical composition and traditional use.

on hold claims:

• Ashwagandha has adaptogenic properties (3251)
•  Supports in periods of mental and nervous tension and of anxiousness (2183)
•  Contributes to optimal relaxation/helps to support relaxation, mental and physical wellbeing (2183)
• Contributes to emotional balance and general wellbeing (2183)
• Beneficially affects the heart and cardiovascular system (2503)
• Protect tissue from injuries (4507)
• Protect the general health by antioxidant activity (4507)

Rhodiola Rosea (Rhodiola rosea) is a perennial flowering plant found in mountainous and colder regions of Europe and Asia. Also known as golden root, it has a history of traditional botanical use.

Rhodiola root extracts are commonly included in modern botanical and nootropic supplement formulations. Naturally occurring compounds such as rosavins and salidroside are frequently used to characterise Rhodiola extracts in ingredient research.

on hold claims:

• Helps organism to adapt for emotional stress or physical effort (2659)
• Helps to stimulate the nervous system, has beneficial effect in fatigue and headaches induced by stress (2659)
• Beneficial for sleep difficulties, poor appetite, decline in work performance (2659)
• Helps to stimulate perception, improve state of mind (2659)
• Helps to support potency (2659)
• Has beneficial effect on cardiovascular system because it helps to protect against stress and hypertension (2659)
• Helps to obtain emotional comfort / helps to maintain a good mental condition / help you cope calmly with the stress (4579)
• Supports cognitive and mental performance (3877)

Bacopa Monnieri (Bacopa monnieri) is a creeping herb that grows naturally in wet and tropical environments. Known as Brahmi in traditional Ayurvedic preparations, it has become a recognised ingredient in modern nootropic supplement formulations.

Bacopa extracts contain plant compounds called bacosides, which are commonly discussed in scientific research. Extract composition and bacoside standardisation can vary between products.

Panax Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a slow-growing perennial plant native to East Asia. Its root has been used in traditional herbal preparations for generations.

Today, Panax Ginseng extract is found in botanical food supplements and multi-ingredient nootropic formulations. The root contains naturally occurring compounds called ginsenosides, which are important when studying and comparing different ginseng extracts.

Maca root (Lepidium meyenii) is a plant traditionally cultivated at high altitudes in the Peruvian Andes. It belongs to the brassica family and has been consumed as a food for generations.

Modern maca root powders and extracts are used in functional drinks, botanical supplements and blended formulations. Black maca and yellow maca are different colour varieties, and their composition can vary according to cultivation and processing.

on hold claims:

• Support physical and mental health (3864)
  
  

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a climbing plant native to the Amazon basin, particularly Brazil. Its seeds naturally contain caffeine and have a history of use in traditional regional drinks.

Guarana seed extract is used in beverages, botanical supplements and some nootropic formulations. Because guarana naturally contains caffeine, its inclusion is particularly relevant when comparing caffeine-containing and caffeine-free products.

L-Theanine is a naturally occurring amino acid found primarily in tea leaves from the Camellia sinensis plant. It is one of the compounds that contribute to the distinctive chemical composition of green and black tea.

L-Theanine is also available as an individual ingredient in food supplements and multi-ingredient nootropic formulations. Scientific research has examined L-Theanine both individually and alongside caffeine, although findings from different formulations are not necessarily interchangeable.

Citicoline, or cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-Choline), is a compound involved in biochemical pathways associated with choline and phospholipid metabolism.

As a supplement ingredient, citicoline is commonly found in nootropic formulations. It has been investigated in scientific studies, with research examining different doses, populations and preparations. Citicoline should not be confused with other forms of supplemental choline, such as choline bitartrate.

Magnesium is an essential mineral naturally present in foods such as nuts, seeds, whole grains and leafy green vegetables. It is involved in numerous biological processes and is available in several supplemental forms.

Magnesium supplements may contain compounds such as magnesium citrate, oxide or bisglycinate. These forms differ in composition and the amount of elemental magnesium they provide, making the specific form and quantity important when comparing products.

• Magnesium contributes to a reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
• Magnesium contributes to electrolyte balance.
• Magnesium contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism.
• Magnesium contributes to the normal function of the nervous system.
• Magnesium contributes to normal muscle function.
• Magnesium contributes to normal protein synthesis.
• Magnesium contributes to normal psychological function.
• Magnesium contributes to the maintenance of normal bones.
• Magnesium contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth.
• Magnesium has a role in the process of cell division.
  
  

Vitamin B3, or niacin, is part of the B vitamin family. It occurs naturally in foods including meat, fish, peanuts and whole grains.

Niacin is available in different forms, including nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, and is commonly included in vitamin B complex and multi-ingredient supplement formulations.

• Niacin contributes to normal psychological function.
• Niacin contributes to the normal function of the nervous system
• Niacin contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes.
• Niacin contribute to normal energy-yielding metabolism.
• Niacin contribute to the reduction of tiredness and
  fatigue.
• Niacin contribute to the maintenance of normal skin.

Vitamin B5, known scientifically as pantothenic acid, is one of the eight B vitamins. It occurs naturally in many foods, including mushrooms, eggs, legumes and whole grains.

Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, an important molecule involved in normal cellular biochemistry. It is frequently included in vitamin B complex supplements and multi-ingredient formulations.

• Pantothenic acid contributes to normal mental performance.
• Pantothenic acid contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism.
• Pantothenic acid contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
• Pantothenic acid contributes to the normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, vitamin D and some neurotransmitters.
• Pantothenic acid contributes to normal mental performance.
•  Pantothenic acid contributes to the normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, vitamin D and some neurotransmitters.
  
  

Vitamin B6 refers to a group of related compounds, including pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. These compounds occur naturally in a range of foods and are also available in supplement formulations.

Vitamin B6 is involved in numerous enzyme-controlled reactions within the body. Supplements commonly contain pyridoxine hydrochloride or other forms of the vitamin.

Vitamin B12 is part of the B vitamin family and is naturally found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products. It is also available in fortified foods and food supplements.

Common supplemental forms include cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin. Vitamin B12 is frequently included in multivitamins, vitamin B complex supplements and multi-ingredient formulations.

Folate is the general name for vitamin B9 compounds naturally present in foods including leafy green vegetables, beans and lentils.

Food supplements may contain folic acid or other forms of vitamin B9. Folate is commonly included alongside other B vitamins in multivitamin and nutritional supplement formulations.

Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid found naturally in the body and obtained through certain foods. Unlike many amino acids, it is not primarily used to build proteins.

Beta-Alanine is used in a variety of sports nutrition and food supplement formulations. It is involved in the body's production of carnosine, a compound found in muscle tissue.

Choline is an essential nutrient naturally present in a range of foods, including eggs, meat, fish and certain plant foods.

Choline Bitartrate is one form used in nutritional supplements. Choline is involved in the production of phospholipids and acetylcholine, making it a subject of nutritional and biochemical research.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine cultivated for its peppercorns, one of the world's most widely used culinary spices.

Black pepper extract is used in some botanical and multi-ingredient supplement formulations. Its naturally occurring compound piperine contributes to black pepper's distinctive pungent character. Different extracts may contain varying concentrations of piperine.

Coffee is produced from the roasted seeds of plants belonging to the Coffea genus. Brazilian coffee is widely recognised for its role in the global coffee industry, with flavour characteristics influenced by variety, growing conditions and roasting.

Instant coffee is made by brewing roasted coffee and removing the water to produce a soluble powder. In mushroom coffee formulations, instant coffee can be combined with functional mushroom extracts to create a convenient coffee-style drink.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a tropical tree cultivated for its seeds, commonly known as cocoa beans. These seeds are processed into ingredients including cocoa powder, cocoa butter and chocolate.

Cocoa powder provides the distinctive chocolate flavour associated with hot chocolate and other cocoa-based drinks. Cacao naturally contains compounds including theobromine and small amounts of caffeine, with quantities varying according to the ingredient and processing method.